Sociolinguistics - Speech act and maxim

Speech act and Maxim (Tindak ujar dan Maksim)
Austin  distinguish three things in every speech act:
Locution is what is said, utterance
Ilocution is what the speaker intends to communicate to the addressee
Perlocution is the message that the addresee gets, his interpretation of what the speaker says


Aspek –aspek situasi Ujaran
Yang menyapa (penyapa atau penutur) dan yang disapa (pesapa atau petutur)
Konteks sebuah tuturan: aspek yg berhub ddengan lingkungan fisik dan sosial sebuah tuturan atau suatu pengetahuan latar belakangyang sama yang dimiliki oleh penutur dan petutur/mitra tutur
Tujuan tuturan
Tuturan sebagai suatu tindakan atau kegiatan:tindak ujar
Tuturan sebagai produk tindak verbal
Speech Act (Tindak Ujar)
Assertive Utterances: The speakers or the writer use language to tell what they know or believe, assertive language is concerned with the facts and the purpose  to inform.
Assertive Utterances divided into two part; Indirect and direct uterances
Example Indirect: More plastics are made from soy beans, Direct (usually started with I or we and assertive verb) We declare that the most plastics are made from soy beans
Assertive verb
Focus on information : announce, declare, disclose, explain, express, indicate, mention, proclaim, relate, report
Focus on truth-value of utterance: affirm, allege, assert, certify, concede, guarantee, swear, attest, bet, claim, contend, maintain
Focus on the speaker’s or involvement in what is reported: confide, deny, profess, and protest
Focus on manner of communicating: emphasize, hint, imply, intimate, stress
Focus on the nature of message: dictate, narrate, preach
Focus on aspect: predict, recall
Performative utterances
 Performative utterance are valid if spoken by someone whose right to make them is accepted and in circumstances which are accepted as appropriate. Naturally, the limitatation on what can be a performative utterance; The subject of sentence must be I or we, The verb must be in the present tense, Most important the speaker must be recognized as having the authority to make the statement and the circumstances must be appropriate.
A performative utterances is neither true nor false but  its purpose is to make a part of the world conform to what is said. The verbs include bet, declare, baptize, name, nominate, and pronounce
Verdictive utterances
Verdictive utterances are speech act in which the speaker makes an assessment or judgment about the acts of another usually addressee.
The action  is viewed positively: commend ….for, compliment…on, congratulate… for, honor… for, praise…for
The action is beneficial to the speaker: thank for…, grateful to…for
The action is viewed negatively: accuse…of, blame…for, admonish…for, criticize…for, scold…for, charge… with

Expressive Utterances
Expressive utterances spring from the previous action-or failure to act-of the speaker, or perhaps the present result of those action or failures. Expressive are thus retrospective and speaker involved. The most common express verbs are acknowledge, admit, confess, deny, apologize
Directive utterances
Directive utterance are those in which the speaker tries to get the addressee to perform some act or refrain from performing  an act. Directive utterance Is prospective; one cannot tell to other people to do something in the past. Three Kinds of directive utterance:
A Command is effective if only the speaker has some degree of control over the action of the addressee
2. A request is an expression of what the speaker wants to do or refrain from doing.
3. Suggestion is utterances we make to other people to give our opinions as to what they should or should not do
Commissive Utterances
Speech act that commit a speaker to a course of action are called commissive utterances. These include promises, pledges, threats, and vows. Commissive verbs are illustrated by agree, ask, offer, refuse, swear, all following infinitives. They are prospective and concerbed with the speaker’s communication to future action.
Phatic Utterances
Example: I’m glad to meet you or so nice to see you again , are necessarily expressions of deep feeling on the part of the speaker. The purpose of utterances like these, phatic utterances is to establish rapport between members of the same society. Phatic language has obvious function than six types discussed above but it is not less important. Phatic utterances include greetings, farewells, polite formulas.
Maxim (maksim)
According to grice (1978) divided into four part
Maxim of quantity requires the speaker to give as much information as the addressee need but no more
Maxim relevance requires us as speaker, to make our utterances relative to the discourse going on and the context in which they occur
Maxim manner is to be orderly and clear and to avoid ambiguity
Maxim of quality is to say only what one believe to be true.